![]() Working memory a.k.a.Attentional operative system The central executive(CE) or supervisory attentional system (SAS) is a higher-order system responsible for the control, supervision, and selection of strategies with information coming from the three previous subcomponents, the CE detects novel situations in order to respond to them by activating executive processes of anticipation, planning, and monitoring.The episodic buffersimultaneously stores phonological information from the loop and visual and spatial information from the sketchpad, in addition to integrating information from long-term memory, thereby creating a multimodal representation of the present situation.This system temporarily holds and manipulates images, allowing us to create and usethese images and orient ourselves in space. The visuospatial sketchpad deals with visual and spatial information.The phonological loop is responsible for the transient storage of verbal information (e.g.: reading), and for maintaining inner speech that is involved in short-term memory. If someone distracts you before writing it down, therehearsal is interrupted and you may no longer remember the number. A person has just told you a number with various digits (a password, for example) and, as you search for a paper to record it, you repeat it to yourself subvocally so you do not forget it. Here is a common exampleused to better understand this component. The phonological loop is the system that temporarily stores information inspeech-based form this information is kept active by means of articulatory rehearsal, that is, viasubvocal speech: orofacial muscle movement occurs during rehearsal of information, as if the words were repeated out loud, but without generating any sound.Probably, the most widespread working memory model nowadaysis the modelproposed by Baddeley in 2000.Īs we all recall, this model consists of a central executive component (CE) and 3 subordinate systems that process different types of information: the visuospatial sketchpad, the phonological loop, and the episodic buffer. The revised version of Baddeley’s working memory model Therefore, while both types of memory are characterized by temporary storage and activation of information in consciousness, working memory adds a manipulation component, that is, it transforms the information working memory builds relationships between different data that it manages, and integrates these data with information stored in long-term memory, thereby enabling the performance of important cognitive processes such as language comprehension and reasoning. While the concept of short-term memory primarily refers to the capacity to hold information in mind in an active state for a brief period of time (30-40 seconds), the concept of working memory or operative memory, by contrast, emphasizes the role of memory as a control system for information processing, and is defined as a memory system for the temporary storage and manipulation of information, that underlies more complex cognitive processes such as language comprehension, reading, and reasoning So, what do we mean by short-term memory and working memory? What are the differences between the two? Defining different types of memory: working memory and short-term memory In the clinical setting, however, we do make an explicit distinction between short-term memory spantests(or simple span tasks–for example,WAIS-IV “Digit Span Forward”) and working memory span tests (or complex span tasks–for example,WAIS-IV “Digit Span Backward” and “Digit Span Sequencing”). Thus, there is no consensus in this ongoing theoretical debate. In the existing literature, some authors consider short-term memory to be a subset of working memory, whereas others argue for the inverse relationship, and finallythere are those who use both terms interchangeablybecause they see both as the same memory system. One distinction we usually make when talking about different human memory systems is between working memory and short-term memory.
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